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By G. Dawson. Digital Media Arts College.

He was not an experienced forensic dentist buy generic zovirax 800mg on line antiviral roles of plant argonautes, so he consulted his mentor order zovirax 800 mg without prescription antiviral ribavirin, a well-known San Diego, California, forensic dentist, Dr. Rawson had lectured to the Arizona Homicide Investigators Association and was known to them as experienced in bitemark analysis. Rawson did a comprehensive analysis and developed a videotaped pre- sentation of his analysis and experiments. Rawson reportedly stated, “Te question should not be are bitemarks as good as fngerprints but are fngerprints as good as bitemarks” (transcript of original trial in State v. In 1995 the Supreme Court of Arizona reversed the decision on procedural grounds and remanded the case for a new trial. Rawson, the state’s expert, prior to the second trial and asked him to reconsider his opinion, Dr. When confronted, he obliquely confessed to the crime, reportedly stating that he only remembered strug- gling with the victim then awakening the next morning with blood on his 324 Forensic dentistry Figure 14. Piakis subsequently had the opportunity of compare Phillips’s dentition to the bitemark and stated that Phillips’s teeth were more consistent with the bitemark than Krone’s. Bitemarks 325 Te case of Ray Krone is a tragic indictment of law enforcement and legal prosecution practices and of the faulty application of bitemark analysis. Tis activity included overstating and overdramatizing the results of tests and experiments and failure to follow accepted guidelines by not seeking second opinions and disregarding or discounting the unsolicited opinions received. Te homicide detectives failed to thoroughly investigate and follow all leads, and the prosecutors exhibited tunnel vision and willingness to shop for expert opinions that supported their theory of the crime. During an inter- view by a prosecutor before the retrial, one defense odontologist remarked, “I hope you have other important evidence … the bitemark evidence is bad” and was bluntly told, “Doctor, this is a bitemark case and has always been a bitemark case. Tis triumvirate committed errors that compounded to produce a gross miscarriage of justice. Tis case is described in detail in a book authored by Jim Rix, Ray Krone’s cousin and the sponsor of his defense. One or more second opinions from other competent forensic odontologists should be sought and considered. Te Supreme Court of Michigan ruled that that type of testimony was inadmissible afer several cases in that state in which bitemarks were associated to a suspect with statements of mathematical degrees of certainty. Te 1991 case of the kidnapping, assault, and rape of Maureen Fournier featured the victim’s eyewitness identifcation of the fve men who participated in the attack and the two who allegedly bit her. Both Michael Cristini and Jefrey Moldowan were convicted based on the victim’s identifcations and two forensic odontologists’ testimony that the bitemark associations were posi- tive. Allan Warnick, testifed that one of the marks was made by Moldowan and the odds that someone else made the mark were 3 million to one. In another case he testifed that “the chances of someone else having made the mark would be 4. Homer Campbell and Richard Souviron independently reviewed the evidence and reported that, in their opinion, Moldowan and Cristini could be excluded. Te court ruled that no testimony regarding mathematical degrees of certainty for bitemarks would be heard. Berman, testifed that Cristini made the bitemark with a high degree of certainty, and the defense expert, Dr. In an unusual twist in this trial, one of the original odontologists for the prosecution in the frst trial in 1991, Dr. Hammel, took the stand for the defense and testifed that she had erred in the original trial. She stated further that she originally had doubts about the orientation of the bitemark, and afer gaining more experience and reviewing the evidence, she realized her error. It took a great deal of courage for her to admit the error, but it was absolutely the right thing to do. Cristini had been arrested and charged with eight counts of frst-degree criminal sexual conduct allegedly involving a fve-year-old child. First, that eyewitness testimony may or may not be accurate—here the victim may have been wrong about the identity of the biters. She accused others that were later proven to be else- where at the time of the crime.

Today’s chiropractors may practice “straight” therapy—that is cheap zovirax 800 mg on line anti viral herb, the only therapy provided is that of subluxation adjustments generic zovirax 200 mg on line hiv infection unprotected penetration. Mixer is a term applied to a chiropractor who combines adjustments with adjunct therapies, such as exercise, heat treatments, or massage. Individuals seek treatment from chiropractors for many types of ailments and illnesses; the most common is back pain. In ad- dition, chiropractors treat clients with headaches, neck injuries, scoliosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, respiratory and gastrointes- tinal disorders, menstrual difficulties, allergies, sinusitis, and certain sports injuries (Trivieri & Anderson, 2002). Some chi- ropractors are employed by professional sports teams as their team physicians. They treat more than 20 million people in the United States annually (Sadock & Sadock, 2007). Therapeutic Touch and Massage Therapeutic Touch The technique of therapeutic touch was developed in the 1970s by Dolores Krieger, a nurse associated with the New York University School of Nursing. This therapy is based on the philosophy that the human body projects a field of energy around it. Practitioners of therapeutic touch use this technique to correct the blockages, thereby relieving the discomfort and improving health. Based on the premise that the energy field extends beyond the surface of the body, the practitioner need not actually touch the client’s skin. The therapist’s hands are passed over the client’s body, remaining 2 to 4 inches from the skin. The goal is to repattern the energy field by performing slow, rhythmic, sweeping hand motions over the entire body. The therapist “massages” the en- ergy field in that area, smoothing it out, and thus correcting the obstruction. Therapeutic touch is thought to reduce pain and anxiety and promote relaxation and health maintenance. Massage Massage is the technique of manipulating the muscles and soft tissues of the body. Chinese physicians prescribed massage for the treatment of disease more than 5000 years ago. The East- ern style focuses on balancing the body’s vital energy (qi) as it flows through pathways (meridians), as described earlier in the discussion of acupressure and acupuncture. Swedish massage, which is probably the best-known Western style, uses a variety of gliding and kneading strokes along with deep circular move- ments and vibrations to relax the muscles, improve circulation, and increase mobility (Trivieri & Anderson, 2002). Massage has been shown to be beneficial in the following conditions: anxiety, chronic back and neck pain, arthritis, sciat- ica, migraine headaches, muscle spasms, insomnia, pain of labor and delivery, stress-related disorders, and whiplash. Massage is contraindicated in certain conditions, such as high blood pres- sure, acute infection, osteoporosis, phlebitis, skin conditions, and varicose veins. It also should not be performed over the site of a recent injury, bruise, or burn. Massage therapists require specialized training in a program accredited by the American Massage Therapy Association and Complementary Therapies ● 387 must pass the National Certification Examination for Thera- peutic Massage and Bodywork. Yoga Yoga is thought to have developed in India some 5000 years ago and is attributed to an Indian physician and Sanskrit scholar named Patanjali. The objective of yoga is to integrate the phys- ical, mental, and spiritual energies that enhance health and well-being (Trivieri & Anderson, 2002). Yoga has been found to be especially helpful in relieving stress and in improving overall physical and psychological wellness. It is believed that yoga breathing—a deep, diaphramatic breathing—increases oxygen to the brain and body tissues, thereby easing stress and fatigue and boosting energy. Individuals who practice the meditation and deep breathing associated with yoga find that they are able to achieve a profound feeling of relaxation. Hatha yoga uses body postures, along with the meditation and breathing exercises, to achieve a balanced, disciplined workout that releases muscle tension, tones the internal organs, and energizes the mind, body, and spirit, to allow natural healing to occur. The complete routine of poses is designed to work all parts of the body—stretching and ton- ing muscles and keeping joints flexible. Studies have shown that yoga has provided beneficial effects to some individuals with back pain, stress, migraine, insomnia, high blood pressure, rapid heart rates, and limited mobility (Sadock & Sadock, 2007; Steinberg, 2002; Trivieri & Anderson, 2002).