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Behavior Modification: What It Is and How to concept of operant conditioning buy 5 mg aygestin otc women's health clinic taos nm, in which behavior is Do It purchase aygestin 5 mg with amex pregnancy test calculator. By the Further Information 1970s, behavior therapy enjoyed widespread popularity Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy. Handbook of As an initial step in many types of behavioral thera- Behavior Therapy with Children and Adults: A Develop- py, the client monitors his or her own behavior carefully, mental and Longitudinal Perspective. The therapist’s role is often similar to An Empirical Approach to Mental Health Problems. Behavior Therapy: work assignments” and provides advice and encourage- Application and Outcome. A number of specific techniques are commonly used Further Information in behavioral therapy. Human behavior is routinely moti- Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy. Rules are established that specify particular behaviors that are to be reinforced, and a reward system is set up. With children, this sometimes takes the form of Behaviorism tokens that may be accumulated and later exchanged for A theory of human development initiated by Amer- certain privileges. Just as providing reinforcement ican educational psychologist Edward Thorndike, strengthens behaviors, withholding it weakens them. For example, a child who ha- Behaviorism is a psychological theory of human de- bitually shouts to attract attention may be ignored unless velopment that posits that humans can be trained, or con- he or she speaks in a conversational tone. The client is exposed to an that humans and animals acquire behaviors through the unpleasant stimulus while engaged in or thinking about association of stimuli and responses. Eventually the behavior itself laws of learning to explain why behaviors occur the way becomes associated with unpleasant rather than pleasant they do: The Law of Effect specifies that any time a be- feelings. One treatment method used with alcoholics is havior is followed by a pleasant outcome, that behavior the administration of a nausea-inducing drug together is likely to recur. The Law of Exercise states that the with an alcoholic beverage to produce an aversion to the more a stimulus is connected with a response, the taste and smell of alcohol by having it become associat- stronger the link between the two. In counterconditioning,amaladaptive 1936) groundbreaking work on classical conditioning response is weakened by the strengthening of a response also provided an observable way to study behavior. A well-known type of coun- though most psychologists agree that neither Thorndike terconditioning is systematic desensitization, which nor Pavlov were strict behaviorists, their work paved the counteracts the anxiety connected with a particular be- way for the emergence of behaviorism. This method is often used in the treatment of The birth of modern behaviorism was championed people who are afraid of flying. Modeling, another treat- early in the 20th century by a psychologist at Johns Hop- ment method, is based on the human tendency to learn kins University named John Watson. A desired behavior is Behaviorism, Watson made the notorious claim that, performed by another person while the client watches. Freudian psychoanalytical theories of development, which many people found threatening. Watson’s scheme rejected all the hidden, unconscious, and suppressed longings that Freudians attributed to behaviors and posit- Bender-Gestalt Test ed that humans respond to punishments and rewards. Be- havior that elicits positive responses is reinforced and Diagnostic assessment test to identify learning dis- ability, neurological disorders, and developmental continued, while behavior that elicits negative responses delay. The complete name of this test is Bender Visual Skinner (1904-1990) who deduced the evolution of Motor Gestalt Test. It is a test used with all age groups to human behavior by observing the behavior of rats in a help identify possible learning disabilities, neurological maze. Skinner even wrote a novel, Walden Two, about a disorders, mental retardation, or developmental delay. Utopian society where human behavior is governed to- Test results also provide information about specific abili- tally by self-interested decisions based on increasing ties, including motor coordination, memory, and organi- pleasure. The test-taker is given a series of nine designs, many to believe that behaviorism could indeed produce each on a separate card, and asked to reproduce them on such a society.

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